A brief history. Developments towards the end of the 20th century. Types of Electric Vehicle in use Today. Electric Vehicles for the Future. Battery Parameters. Lead Acid Batteries. Nickel-Based Batteries. Sodium Based Batteries. Lithium Batteries. Metal Air Batteries.
Battery Charging. The Designer's Choice of Battery. Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles. In a hybrid, all functions that are normally driven by the running combustion engine are performed by different high High-Voltage Battery voltage and 12 V units.
The high voltage battery is charged depending on the charge High-Voltage status. One of the electric motors is used exclusively as an alternator or starter and the other electric motor is used as an electric motor and alternator.
The two electric motors and the combustion engine are connected to each other via clutches. The operating mode determines the interaction of the two electric motors and the combustion engine. The high-voltage battery in the TwinDrive can also be charged via an external V connection. The vehicle also has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery. The vehicle is driven by Electric Motor 1. Then Electric Motor 2 runs as an alternator and feeds the high-voltage battery.
This motor supplies energy so High-Voltage Electric Motor 1 can drive the vehicle electrically. Battery This operating mode does not happen frequently.
This function depends on the High-Voltage charge state of the high-voltage battery. The combustion engine drives the vehicle while charging the high High-Voltage Battery voltage battery though Electric Motor 2. The energy from the deceleration of the vehicle is converted into Electric Motor 2 Runs as an Alternator a direct voltage by the two power electronics units and immediately stored in the high-voltage battery.
The electric motors and power electronics are deactivated. The charging cable is Charging Contact connected to the vehicle via the charging contact.
Electric Motor 2 Off When a source of electricity for charging the high- voltage battery is recognized by the control module, two charge protection relays are closed. High-Voltage Battery The charging process is stopped when the battery is Charged capacity has been reached. Electrical components that are activated during the charging process are Electric Motor 1 Off powered by the external charging source.
The battery can only be charged using regenerative braking or an external power source. In addition to the high-voltage system, the vehicle has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery. The vehicle can come to a complete stop using this function - without using the brake pedal.
The electric drive motor does not generate enough heat for the interior of the vehicle. Because of this, the blue-e-motion has a high-voltage heating system. The power Supplies Power electronics convert the direct voltage into an alternating voltage to drive the electric motor.
High-Voltage The comfort requirements of the occupants are met Battery with a high-voltage heating system and a high-voltage Supplies Power air conditioner compressor. When the external charging Battery source is connected, the vehicle is charged is Charged automatically up to the previously set value.
The process is ended automatically. It is driven by a combustion engine and two electric motors. Unlike the previously described systems, the combustion engine does not have a mechanical connection to the drive axles.
The vehicle has an electric-only drive. The combustion engine only drives Electric Motor 1, which functions as a generator and charges the high voltage battery while the vehicle is driven. This setup allows the vehicle range to be extended. The high-voltage battery is mainly charged externally. The mobile recharging possibility with the combustion engine and Electric Motor 1 working as an alternator can be seen as a back-up generator. In addition to the high- voltage system, the vehicle has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery.
Convenience High-Voltage components high-voltage heating system and high Battery voltage air conditioner compressor and the volt Supplies Power onboard supply battery are powered through Power Electronics 2. The Electric Motor 1 Runs as an Alternator combustion engine starts to continue the journey. It drives Electric Motor 1 and charges the high- High-Voltage voltage battery. Electric Motor 2 is the only source Battery Charging and of propulsion and the only means of regenerative Supplying braking.
The high-voltage battery is charged through the charging connection on High-Voltage the vehicle, the high voltage charger and the two Battery charge protection relays. The charging process is is Charged automatically monitored and ended by the system. The vehicle is fueled with hydrogen and obtains the electrical energy for the electric motor from a fuel cell module. In this module, the hydrogen is turned into water to produce electrical energy.
Depending on the operating mode, the charging voltage for the high voltage battery is used for the drive. There is no combustion engine. In addition to the high-voltage system, the vehicle also has a 12 V onboard supply with its own 12 V onboard supply battery. During over-run, the electric motor functions as an alternator. The fueling procedure is identical to that for natural gas.
The hydrogen is pumped into pressurized tanks under the vehicle at pressures up to bar 10, psi. Due to the physical properties of hydrogen, 80 litres weigh about 6. The hydrogen reaches the fuel cell through pressure reducers. At an operating pressure of 3 bar, it supplies a direct voltage of V to V. Vehicles with high-voltage systems HV have components that work with voltages above 60V direct voltage or 25V alternating voltage.
Some of the components in these vehicles require a high level of electrical power. The high-voltage systems in vehicles work with direct voltages of up to V and very high peak currents. All muscle reactions, like moving you arm, your heart beat or eyes winking, are controlled by electrical stimulation.
These electrical stimulations are conducted inside the body through nerve pathways in a similar way to currents in electrical circuits. If you touch live high-voltage components, the current can low through your body.
Even with direct currents above approximately 30 mA, temporary heart pulse disturbance can occur depending on how long the current lows through the body. At even higher currents in the body, serious internal burns occur and in some cases ventricular ibrillation can result. If the two poles of an electrical system are short-circuited, there is a risk of arcing. This can cause serious external burns on the human body and electro-ophthalmia of the eyes.
Please refer to the repair information for speciic vehicle information. This isolation of the high-voltage system from the body ground is also called electrical isolation. How it Works To achieve this isolation, the high-voltage system has its own equipotential bonding. The high-voltage system and the 12 V onboard supply are electrically isolated from each other so that there can be no accidental short-circuit and a low of current to the 12 V Onboard Supply High-Voltage System body ground.
There is no connection to the body ground. This opens the protective relays and the high-voltage battery is disconnected from the high-voltage system. The high-voltage system is de-energized after a short time. The high-voltage battery itself and the high-voltage lines up to the protective relays are still energized. Each high-voltage connection has its own protective relay that can interrupt the circuit. The protective relays have the task of connecting the high voltage system in the vehicle contactor closed or disconnecting it contactor open.
How it Works The protective relays are only switched by the high-voltage system. If the contactors are de- energized, they open and the high-voltage battery is disconnected from the high-voltage system in the High-Voltage System Deactivated rest of the vehicle.
The command to open can be triggered by different situations. If you turn off the vehicle and remove the ignition key, this also opens the contactors and activates the other safety systems. High-voltage battery 2. Battery management 3. Protective relay contactor 4.
Power electronics 5. Air conditioner compressor Work on the high-voltage system may only be performed by qualiied Volkswagen high-voltage technicians. The instructions in the repair information must be strictly followed for the proper and safe use of the special high-voltage tools. The pilot line is a low-voltage system. Battery manager 3.
Maintenance connector 4. Pilot line connectors 5. Connections for high-voltage components How it Works The pilot line circuit is interrupted as soon as a high voltage contact on a high-voltage component is disconnected.
This happens whenever a cable is disconnected, the maintenance connector is removed or when a high-voltage component is replaced. If the maintenance connector is unlocked and removed, the pilot line is disconnected.
This opens the contactors, causing the high voltage battery to be disconnected from the high-voltage system. It also separates the two halves of the battery.
The maintenance connector may also contain the main fuse for the high voltage battery e. Set-up Using Touareg Hybrid as an Example The maintenance connector is under an orange colored cover near to the high-voltage battery in the electronics box. It is an electrical bridge between the battery modules of the high-voltage battery and, at the same time, part of the pilot line. The maintenance connector must be unlocked before it can be pulled out of its itting.
The appearance of the connector may vary and depends on the vehicle type. Finally, a feasibility study is conducted for charging stations in Turkey. Keywords—Energy management, sustainability and environmental development, electric vehicles, recharging stations I.
Although the dominance of electric vehicles in the first decade of the 20th century was remarkable, it was short lived. The last decade has been marked by a growing interest in electric vehicles, and many politicians have created incentives to make possession of an electric car more attractive.
Fluctuating oil prices and concerns over oil supplies mean that electric vehicles offer more stability in the cost of ownership than traditional gasoline cars. The advancement of battery technology means that electric vehicles can go further than ever with a single charge. As power generation moves to renewable sources such as wind or solar energy, the environmental benefits of electric vehicles can be improved and developed. Global carbon emissions will be much reduced if cars run Fig 1: According to three different scenarios the total CO2 emissions The authors acknowledge that this research was financially supported by of cars in the world between and Galatasaray University Research Fund Project Number: In the dark scenario, it is assumed that as of 0.
Leve Type Power Use l In the green scenario, it is estimated that there will be 1 slow charging station 3. Several factor called range anxiety, which is the fear that the EV is not studies on the share of electric vehicles on the market in the loaded enough to make his trip s and thus would be coming years support the same argument. Eliminating range unsuccessful. Unlike a gasoline vehicle that can get at least anxiety which is the main obstacle to the widespread adoption miles over the range via a fast-refueling operation, of electric vehicles will accelerate the adoption of EV.
Thus, Therefore, an adequate charging infrastructure can be crucial charging infrastructure can be crucial in the wider adoption of in the wider adoption of electric vehicles. In the second part of the study, literature studies on the As plug-in electric vehicles enter the market, a huge demand implementation of charging station infrastructure to increase for charging stations is expected.
To this end, providing accessibility will be examined. Firstly, the general problems of adequate charging station infrastructure becomes a necessity choice of sites will be studied and classified according to their for the success of electric vehicle technology on the market.
If approach, as heuristic approaches, methods of exact solutions sufficient charging infrastructure is provided, there will be a and multi-criteria models of decision support. After the possible increase in public motivation for this technology by applications of positioning of charging stations has been reducing the current concerns of electric vehicle plug-ins on studied.
Ease of access to plug-in electric vehicle charging stations can affect adoption rate, oil demand and II. Most of the require a long time to be recharged compared to the relatively proposed methods and models come from the location of fast process of a standard refueling process. Table2 compounded by the scarcity of public charging stations.
In this presents the main contributions to the field with the type of study we will focus on the accessibility of electric vehicle models, approaches and constraints considered for the subject charging stations. Currently, there are three major EV charging technologies Studies in the field of electric vehicle charging station available. Level-1 charging uses a standard wall outlet, positioning to start after Typical EV batteries, of constraints and objective function in this area.
The most which vary between 16 and 25 Kw per hour, can take 12 to 18 popular models are the works that uses set-covering hours to fully charge using such a connection.
Level-2 charge approached aim to meet any request. Most studies aimed at typically rated at V and between 15 and 30A. Level-3 minimizing costs and transport time of the charging station.
Capacity, number of V direct current and can fully charge a typical EV battery charging stations and the demand satisfaction are the main approximately in 30 minutes. From DC fast charging requires constraints. The type of charging station that will be placed is special equipment; it should not be deployed in a standard also important in the studies.
This is a factor affecting the residential environment. On the other Istanbul 37 33 hand, in the case of poor infrastructure, the number of Turkey 71 40 charging points would not be enough for BEV drivers and they have to wait for long hours to recharge it. The In addition, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality IBB comparison of the results of these two scenarios is given in supports the construction of charging points that are Fig2.
These developments are encouraging for the future of the use of EV technology in Turkey. Fig 2: BEV market share under different infrastructure conditions. Where the first line is employed for the poor infrastructure and the second line for the excellent infrastructure. For example, the BEV market share is expected to reach But there is not enough data on demand. Therefore, instead of examining a location selection study, we preferred to realize a feasibility study which may be employed as a preliminary study for further investigations, studies and applications.
The business case for the charging station and the investment is influenced by a multitude of factors. The main revenue drivers are fare, capacity and utilization rates. People spend 1. Therefore, the charging time Total cost must be close to the time spent in shopping centers. If the charging station located, but not a point of interest, it is necessary to choose the fast charger type 3.
ESARJ says In this feasibility study the information contained in they are setting up stations in the semi-fast and fast level. ESARJ one of the leading companies in the industry. Other site selection criteria are population density, The numbers of charging stations to be installed across income levels, Jam traffic actual driving time , distance to Istanbul have been selected as 40 which are the value that the other station etc.
The type of In order to increase the use of electric vehicles in Turkey, charging stations has been identified; the level 2 station is it is necessary to improve the existing infrastructure and a considered the most preferred type by ESARJ.
The level 2 sufficient number of charging stations must be installed charging station is preferred because it is the most regardless of vehicle sales. Investment costs are divided into the cost of capital and operating expenses. Operating expenses are the sum of maintenance and repair costs. Total operating expenses are maintenance and repair costs over the life of the charging station. The economic evaluation of the operation of the charging station carried out here confines to a charging of 3.
This means at least 5 customers a month. Minimum margins are determined and reach positive ROI. ROI can be expressed as a percentage value as in equation 1. The concept of ROI is a simple measure so that it does not require assumptions about the uncertain long-term dynamics of costs and revenues.
For the calculation of contribution margins, the cost of the total investment must be distinguished and discounted. This implies an annual cost of A half-speed charging station with a total cost of EUR 5, would therefore require a discounted cost of EUR ,5 per year.
Where the upper line stands for 5 EV per month, second line for 10 EV per month, the third line for 15 EV per month and bottom line for 20 EV per month. And conversely if the number of electric It illustrates how ROI evolves with charging prices and also vehicles increases, the number of charging stations increases determines the minimum price needed to recover CAPEX to meet demand. If the cost of Transport and Environment, ,12 3 , For the Environment, , 13 3 , Transportation Review, , 46 5 ,
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